Relatedness between numerically small Dutch Red dairy cattle populations and possibilities for multibreed genomic prediction

Red dairy breeds are a valuable cultural and historical asset, and often a source of unique genetic diversity. However, they have difficulties competing with other, more productive, dairy breeds. Improving competitiveness of Red dairy breeds, by accelerating their genetic improvement using genomic selection, may be a promising strategy to secure their long-term future. For many Red dairy breeds, establishing a sufficiently large breed-specific reference population for genomic prediction is often not possible, but may be overcome by adding individuals from another breed. Relatedness between breeds strongly decides the benefit of adding another breed to the reference population. To prioritize among available breeds, the effective number of chromosome segments (M_e) can be used as an indicator of relatedness between individuals from different breeds. The M_e is also an important parameter in determining the accuracy of genomic prediction. The M_e can be estimated both within a population and between 2 populations or breeds, as the reciprocal of the variance of genomic relationships. We investigated relatedness between 6 Dutch Red cattle breeds, Groningen White Headed (GWH), Dutch Friesian (DF), Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (MRY), Dutch Belted (DB), Deep Red (DR), and Improved Red (IR), focusing primarily on the M_e, to predict which of those breeds may benefit from including reference animals of the other breeds. All of these breeds, except MRY, are under high risk of extinction. Our results indicated high variability of M_e, especially between M_e ranging from ～3,500 to ～17,400, indicating different levels of relatedness between the breeds. Two clusters are especially important, one formed by MRY, DR, and IR, and the other comprising DF and DB. Although relatedness between breeds within each of these 2 clusters is high, across-breed genomic prediction is still limited by the current number of genotyped individuals, which for many breeds is low. However, adding MRY individuals would increase the reference population of DR substantially. We estimated that between 11 and 133 individuals from other breeds are needed to achieve accuracy of genomic prediction equivalent to using one additional individual from the same breed. Given the variation in size of the breeds in this study, the benefit of a multibreed reference population is expected to be lower for larger breeds than for the smaller ones.     

降解法在煤基聚丙烯生产中的应用

以中煤陕西公司煤基聚丙烯为研究对象,采用降解法制得了无纺布专用料。探讨了规模化生产存在的问题及相关工艺控制,并将其与石化基聚丙烯无纺布进行了力学性能对比。结果表明,采用降解法生产的煤基聚丙烯无纺布性能与石化基聚丙烯无纺布性能相近,且具有更好的韧性,满足无纺布力学性能的要求。     

基于参数预标定的长行程PMLSM无传感器控制

为了解决长行程定子不连续永磁直线同步电机存在的因无法全程安装位置传感器和不同动子和定子之间的电磁参数不固定所造成的控制性能下降的难题,提出一种在每一段定子内先进行参数标定,再进行速度控制的控制系统设计。首先,在动子进入过程中,对电机进行电磁参数标定,根据标定参数对控制器参数进行调整,以达到更好的控制效果。然后,使用无位置传感器控制系统使动子快速达到设定速度值并稳定运行。实验结果表明:动子进入过程参数标定精度分别为0.002Wb和0.000 4H;无位置传感器控制中位置估计精度为0.63mm,速度收敛时间为0.45s,稳态误差为0.02m/s。基本满足永磁直线同步电机用于长行程运输的控制快速性、稳定性等要求。     

Coexistence of antiferro- and ferrimagnetism in the spinel ZnFe2O4 with an inversion degree δ lower than 0.3

Samples with inversion parameter values (δ) ranging from 0.27 to 0.14 while maintaining the crystallite size value have been successfully fabricated from commercially available powders by mechanical grinding and thermal annealing treatments at temperatures ranging between 400 and 600 °C. Detailed characterization studies of these samples using X-ray, neutron diffraction and magnetic measurements have confirmed for the first time the simultaneous coexistence at 2 K of short range antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic ordering for a wide range of the inversion parameter. The magnetic phase diagram obtained is different from the one previously reported, which shows at 2 K the coexistence of long range antiferromagnetic order and short range order for values of inversion parameters less than 0.1 and the presence of a ferrimagnetic order only for values of δ > 0.2. At room temperature, the Rietveld analysis of NPD patterns and the magnetization curves showed a paramagnetic behavior in the samples with δ ≤ 0.1. For the samples with higher cationic inversion, typical hysteresis curves of ferrimagnetic materials were observed and the saturation magnetization values obtained agree quite well with the net magnetic moment obtained from the Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction patterns.     

Verification of unified effective stress theory based on the effect of moisture on mechanical properties of fiber reinforced unsaturated soil

The unified effective stress theory based on suction stress (SSCC theory) enables the characterization of soils under both saturated and unsaturated conditions with one closed-form relationship. This study provides experimental verification of this theory through the unconfined compressive strength test (UCS) and indirect tensile test strength (ITS) on silty clay soil stabilized with fiber. A series of matric suction, ITS, and UCS tests were conducted to validate the SSCC theory through the representation of the results of ITS and UCS tests in terms of mean total stress (p) versus deviatoric stress (q) and mean effective stress (p`) versus deviatoric stress (q). The results of the validation procedures showed that the SSCC theory is applicable and valid at a range of 6%–16% of water content on the silty clay and the silty clay fiber-reinforced soils. There is a small fluctuation in the increase of ITS and UCS values with increasing fiber content due to randomly oriented distribution of the fiber. The addition of glass fiber does not significantly affect the capacity of water retention of the soil. It improves the condition of the mechanical soil properties at the end of construction more than of the effective stress condition.     

Mechanical high-energy treatment of TiNi powder and phase changes after electrochemical hydrogenation

The paper presents the results obtained for the effect of ball milling of Ti–Ni powder, which is close in composition to the equiatomic one, on electrochemical hydrogenation. It is shown that the average size of the powder particles measured by BET and laser diffraction methods is found to reduce during milling, while the average size of the powder particles measured by SEM changes to attain its minimum within 30-s milling due to destruction and subsequent aggregation of particles. The powder in its initial state consists of a mixture of TiNi (austenite, martensite), Ti₂Ni, and TiNi₃ phases, and after ball milling, an X-ray amorphous phase is formed. The CDD size of the TiNi phase (austenite) reduces from 25 to 4 nm. It is found that the lattice parameters of the TiNi (austenite) and Ni₃Ti phases do not change during electrochemical hydrogenation, whereas the crystal lattice parameter of the Ti₂Ni phase increases, which indicates the predominant interaction of hydrogen with the Ti₂Ni phase. The lattice parameter of the Ti₂Ni based phase corresponds to Ti₂NiH_0.5 and Ti₂NiH_0.8 hydrides depending on the milling time and hydrogenation time. It is found that there is an “incubation period” of hydrogenation of the Ti₂Ni phase, which attains 90 min.     

Feeding and egg-laying preferences of the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis: Beyond cereals and cereal products

The insect's response to various living substrates is an important determinant for their life history and demography reflected in their feeding and egg-laying preferences. However, research on polyphagous stored product insects such as the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), are largely focused on cereal grains neglecting its alternative hosts. Therefore, this study examines the effect of a range of 16 host substrates including dry fruits, nuts, oil and legume seeds on insect development, survival, and adult emergence of the sawtoothed grain beetle, besides of also determining the feeding substrate weight loss. Overall, the feeding substrates exhibited a significant and different effect on O. surinamensis, except egg incubation time and length of the pupal period. The longest larval periods were observed on legumes followed by oilseeds and (dry) fruits. The highest survival and adult emergence were recorded on fruits and nuts, except raisin, but significantly lower than when fed on legume seeds, including soybean. The losses in fruits and nuts were higher, particularly on almonds and cashew. Larva development was inversely correlated to survival and adult emergence, which were positively correlated to substrate loss. Our study indicated that several non-grain commodities such as (dry) fruits and nuts are rather suitable substrates for the population growth of O. surinamensis, an additional concern for in international trade.     

用背角准弹散射研究近库仑势垒能区重离子核反应

利用背角准弹散射的方法开展了近库仑势垒（近垒）能区重离子核反应机制的研究。高精度测量了深垒下能区16O+152,154Sm、184W、¹⁹⁶Pt和²⁰⁸Pb等体系的背角准弹散射激发函数，用耦合道计算抽取了核势的表面弥散参数，结果表明考虑耦合道效应得到的表面弥散参数值正常。基于背角准弹散射势垒分布对核结构的敏感性，尝试用深垒下能区16O+152Sm、170Er和174Yb等体系的背角准弹散射来抽取形变靶核的十六极形变参数，所抽取值与已有结果趋势一致，说明了该方法的可行性。此外，研究了弱束缚核体系的破裂效应，其表现为背角准弹势垒分布较全熔合势垒分布向低能移动，所得结果进一步说明势垒分布同时含有核结构和核反应机制的信息。     

On globally stable adaptive control providing l 1 tracking performance for linear discrete-time systems

Existing adaptive control algorithms at best guarantee that the tracking error is a l ₂ sequence. This paper presents globally stable adaptive control algorithms for linear discrete-time systems providing l ₁ tracking performance. Two algorithms with different degree of complexity are proposed, one for the case of known control directions, and a separate algorithm for the case of unknown control directions. It is demonstrated that in both cases the tracking error is l ₁ sequence, while the input and output signals are uniformly bounded.